The Role of Plant Cell Wall Proteins in Response to Salt Stress

Contemporary agriculture is facing new challenges with the increasing population and demand for food on Earth and the decrease in crop productivity due to abiotic stresses such as water deficit, high salinity, and extreme fluctuations of temperatures. The knowledge of plant stress responses, though widely extended in recent years, is still unable to provide efficient strategies for improvement of agriculture. The focus of study has been shifted to the plant cell wall as a dynamic and crucial component of the plant cell that could immediately respond to changes in the environment. The investigation of plant cell wall proteins, especially in commercially important monocot crops revealed the high involvement of this compartment in plants stress responses, but there is still much more to be comprehended. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on this issue and to point out the future areas of interest that should be studied in detail

Changes in protein thiols in response to salt stress in embryogenic suspension cultures ofDactylis glomerataL.

S obzirom na postojeći projekt nosive konstrukcije industrijske hale provedena je numerička analiza kako bi se utvrdili pomaci i naprezanja koja se javljaju na sastavnim dijelovima hale s obzirom na različita opterećenja koja na nju djeluju. Prvi korak je bio određivanje prikladnih verifikacijskih primjera kojima se utvrdila ispravnost korištenja određenih konačnih elemenata za provedbu numeričke analize industrijske hale. Kao prvi verifikacijski primjer se odabrala greda oslonjena na nepomičnom i pomičnom osloncu, dok je za drugi primjer odabran okvirni nosač koji je ukliješten za podlogu. U oba primjera prvo se određuje analitičkim metodama najveći progib koji se javlja u konstrukciji te također i najveće ekvivalentno naprezanje prema von Misesu. Nakon toga se pristupa numeričkoj analizi pri čemu su se za oba primjera koristili osnovni gredni elementi te gredni elementi višega reda te su uspoređeni rezultati koji su se dobili korištenjem ove dvije vrste elemenata. Na kraju se provela numerička analiza nosive konstrukcije industrijske hale pri čemu se prvo provela analiza s obzirom na vlastito opterećenje nosive konstrukcije, a nakon toga još s opterećenjem uslijed snijega i vjetra što predstavlja slučaj najvećeg opterećenja hale. Za svaki slučaj opterećenja su se utvrdila mjesta najvećih progiba te mjesta s najvećim naprezanjima u konstrukciji, a sve analize su se provele s grednim elementima višeg reda.Taking into consideration an existing project of steel structure of industrial hale, a numerical analysis has been conducted to figure out displacements and stress which show up on structural components of hale considering various loads which affect on hale. First step was the determination of appropriate verification examples with which has been established the correctness of using finite elements for conducting numerical analysis of industrial hale. As a first verification example it has been selected a beam supported on hinged and roller support, while a steel frame which is fixed for base has been selected for second verification example. In both examples first to be determined with analytical methods is the biggest displacement which shows up in structure and also the biggest equivalent stress according to von Mises. After that follows an approach to a numerical analysis whereby for both examples were used basic beam elements and higher order beam elements, besides, there bas been made the comparison of the results obtained by using these two types of elements. Ultimately, there has been conducted a numerical analysis of steel structure of industrial hale whereby first was conducted analysis considering its own load of the steel structure and after that was conducted analysis with the load due to snow and wind, what represents the case of the biggest load of hale. For every case of loads there were determined places with the biggest displacements and also with the biggest stress in structure and all analyses were conducted with higher order beam elements

A Central Role for Thiols in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress

Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress. First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds. Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle. The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation. The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance

A Central Role for Thiols in Plant Tolerance to Abiotic Stress

Abiotic stress poses major problems to agriculture and increasing efforts are being made to understand plant stress response and tolerance mechanisms and to develop new tools that underpin successful agriculture. However, the molecular mechanisms of plant stress tolerance are not fully understood, and the data available is incomplete and sometimes contradictory. Here, we review the significance of protein and non-protein thiol compounds in relation to plant tolerance of abiotic stress. First, the roles of the amino acids cysteine and methionine, are discussed, followed by an extensive discussion of the low-molecular-weight tripeptide, thiol glutathione, which plays a central part in plant stress response and oxidative signalling and of glutathione-related enzymes, including those involved in the biosynthesis of non-protein thiol compounds. Special attention is given to the glutathione redox state, to phytochelatins and to the role of glutathione in the regulation of the cell cycle. The protein thiol section focuses on glutaredoxins and thioredoxins, proteins with oxidoreductase activity, which are involved in protein glutathionylation. The review concludes with a brief overview of and future perspectives for the involvement of plant thiols in abiotic stress tolerance

Host Resistance to Parasitic Plants—Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives

Parasitic flowering plants represent a diverse group of angiosperms, ranging from exotic species with limited distribution to prominent weeds, causing significant yield losses in agricultural crops. The major damage caused by them is related to the extraction of water and nutrients from the host, thus decreasing vegetative growth, flowering, and seed production. Members of the root parasites of the Orobanchaceae family and stem parasites of the genus Cuscuta are among the most aggressive and damaging weeds, affecting both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous crops worldwide. Their control and eradication are hampered by the extreme seed longevity and persistence in soil, as well as their taxonomic position, which makes it difficult to apply selective herbicides not damaging to the hosts. The selection of resistant cultivars is among the most promising approaches to deal with this matter, although still not widely employed due to limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of host resistance and inheritance. The current review aims to summarize the available information on host resistance with a focus on agriculturally important parasitic plants and to outline the future perspectives of resistant crop cultivar selection to battle the global threat of parasitic plants